Laser energy partitioning in nanosecond pulsed laser-induced air breakdown: effect of incident laser energy.

Air breakdown is generated by a 1064 nm nanosecond pulsed laser beam, and laser energy deposited in the breakdown (E d), transmitted through the plasma region (E t) and carried away by the shock wave (E s) is estimated for the incident laser energy (E i) range of 60-273 mJ. The E d is approximately 85% of E i at 60 mJ, rapidly increasing to 92% at 102 mJ. The shock wave front velocity and radius are measured as a function of E i and propagation distance. The shock wave velocity nicely follows the v∝E i0.3 trend predicted by the laser-supported detonation wave model. The Sedov-Taylor theory is used to estimate E s, which rapidly increases with E i, but E i to E s conversion linearly decreases from 83% to 48%. At lower values of E i, most of the laser energy is carried away by the shock wave, whereas the laser energy used in plasma heating or released in the form of electromagnetic and thermal radiation becomes important at higher laser energies. This implies that laser energy partitioning is highly dependent on the value of incident laser energy. These findings provide important insights into the fundamental physics of air breakdown and will be useful in a variety of applications such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, laser ignition, and laser propulsion.

Variational iteration method along with intelligent computing system for the radiated flow of electrically conductive viscous fluid through porous medium.

This article aims to investigate the analytical nature and approximate solution of the radiated flow of electrically conductive viscous fluid into a porous medium with slip effects (RFECVF). In order to build acceptable accurate solutions for RFECVF, this study presented an efficient Levenberg-Marquardt technique of artificial neural networks (LMT-ANNs) approach. One of its fastest back-propagation algorithms for nonlinear lowest latency is the LMT. To turn a quasi-network of PDEs expressing RFECVF into a set of standards, the appropriate adjustments are required. During the flow, the boundary is assumed to be convective. The flow and heat transfer are governed by partial differential equations, and similarity transform is the main tool to convert it into a coupled nonlinear system of ODEs. The usefulness of the constructed LMT-ANNs for such a modelled issue is demonstrated by the best promising algebraic outputs in the E-03 to E-08 range, as well as error histogram and regression analysis measures. Mu is a controller that oversees the entire training procedure. The LMT-ANNs mainly focuses on the higher accuracy of nonlinear systems. Analytical results for the improved boundary layer ODEs are produced using the Variational Iteration Method, a tried-and-true method (VIM). The Lagrange Multiplier is a powerful tool in the suggested method for reducing the amount of computing required. Further, a tabular comparison is provided to demonstrate the usefulness of this study. The final results of the Variational Iteration Method (VIM) in MATLAB have accurately depicted the physical characteristics of a number of parameters, including Eckert, Prandtl, Magnetic, and Thermal radiation parameters.

A design of neuro-computational approach for double-diffusive natural convection nanofluid flow.

The artificial intelligence based neural networking with Back Propagated Levenberg-Marquardt method (NN-BPLMM) is developed to explore the modeling of double-diffusive free convection nanofluid flow considering suction/injection, Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects past an inclined permeable sheet implanted in a porous medium. By applying suitable transformations, the PDEs presenting the proposed problem are transformed into ordinary ones. A reference dataset of NN-BPLMM is fabricated for multiple influential variants of the model representing scenarios by applying Lobatto III-A numerical technique. The reference data is trained through testing, training and validation operations to optimize and compare the approximated solution with desired (standard) results. The reliability, steadiness, capability and robustness of NN-BPLMM is authenticated through MSE based fitness curves, error through histograms, regression illustrations and absolute errors. The investigations suggest that the temperature enhances with the upsurge in thermophoresis impact during suction and decays for injection, whereas increasing Brownian effect decreases the temperature in the presence of wall suction and reverse behavior is seen for injection. The best measures of performance in form of mean square errors are attained as 7.1058 × 10 - 10 , 2.9262 × 10 - 10 , 1.1652 × 10 - 08 , 1.5657 × 10 - 10 and 5.5652 × 10 - 10 against 969, 824, 467, 277 and 650 iterations. The comparative study signifies the authenticity of proposed solver with the absolute errors about 10-7 to 10-3 for all influential parameters results.

Exact solutions of [Formula: see text]-dependent Schrödinger equation with quantum pseudo-harmonic oscillator and its applications for the thermodynamic properties in normal and superstatistics.

The effects of the curvature parameters on the energy eigenvalues and thermodynamic properties of quantum pseudoharmonic oscillator are investigated within the framework of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. By employing Nikiforov-Uvarov method, the energy spectra are obtained and used to study the ordinary statistics and q-deformed superstatistics as a function of temperature in the presence and absence of the curvature parameters. It is shown that the q-deformed supertatistics properties of the quantum pseudoharmonic oscillator reduce to the ordinary statistical properties in the absence of the deformation parameter. Finally, our results are illustrated graphically to show the behaviour of the energy spectra and thermodynamic properties for the three curvature parameters:[Formula: see text].

Assessing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the dynamics of dengue and HIV via fractional derivatives.

A new non-integer order mathematical model for SARS-CoV-2, Dengue and HIV co-dynamics is designed and studied. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the dynamics of dengue and HIV is analyzed using the tools of fractional calculus. The existence and uniqueness of solution of the proposed model are established employing well known Banach contraction principle. The Ulam-Hyers and generalized Ulam-Hyers stability of the model is also presented. We have applied the Laplace Adomian decomposition method to investigate the model with the help of three different fractional derivatives, namely: Caputo, Caputo-Fabrizio and Atangana-Baleanu derivatives. Stability analyses of the iterative schemes are also performed. The model fitting using the three fractional derivatives was carried out using real data from Argentina. Simulations were performed with each non-integer derivative and the results thus obtained are compared. Furthermore, it was concluded that efforts to keep the spread of SARS-CoV-2 low will have a significant impact in reducing the co-infections of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue or SARS-COV-2 and HIV. We also highlighted the impact of three different fractional derivatives in analyzing complex models dealing with the co-dynamics of different diseases.

Nanoparticle Aggregation and Thermophoretic Particle Deposition Process in the Flow of Micropolar Nanofluid over a Stretching Sheet.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the consequence of thermophoretic particle deposition (TPD) on the movement of a TiO2/water-based micropolar nanoliquid surface in the existence of a porous medium, a heat source/sink, and bioconvection. Movement, temperature, and mass transfer measurements are also performed in the attendance and nonappearance of nanoparticle aggregation. The nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity factors, and numerical research is carried out using the Runge-Kutta-Felhberg 4th/5th order and shooting technique. The obtained results show that improved values of the porous constraint will decline the velocity profile. Improvement in heat source/sink parameter directly affects the temperature profile. Thermophoretic parameter, bioconvection Peclet number, and Lewis number decrease the concentration and bioconvection profiles. Increases in the heat source/sink constraint and solid volume fraction will advance the rate of thermal dispersion. Nanoparticle with aggregation exhibits less impact in case of velocity profile, but shows a greater impact on temperature, concentration, and bioconvection profiles.

Aspects of Uniform Horizontal Magnetic Field and Nanoparticle Aggregation in the Flow of Nanofluid with Melting Heat Transfer.

The current exploration focuses on the impact of homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions on titanium dioxide-ethylene glycol (EG)-based nanoliquid flow over a rotating disk with thermal radiation. In this paper, a horizontal uniform magnetic field is used to regularise the flow field produced by a rotating disk. Further, we conduct a comparative study on fluid flow with and without aggregation. Suitable transformations are used to convert the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Later, the attained system is solved numerically by means of the shooting method in conjunction with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth-order method (RKF-45). The outcome reveals that the fluid flow without nanoparticle aggregation shows enhanced heat transport than for augmented values of melting parameter. Furthermore, for augmented values of strength of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction parameters, the mass transfer is greater in fluid flow with aggregation conditions.

Agrawal Axisymmetric Rotational Stagnation-Point Flow of a Water-Based Molybdenum Disulfide-Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanofluid and Heat Transfer Impinging on a Radially Permeable Moving Rotating Disk.

The hybrid nanofluid has sparked new significance in the industrial and engineering sectors because of their applications like water heating in solar and analysis of heat exchanger surfaces. As a result, the current study emphasizes the analysis of heat transfer and Agrawal axisymmetric flow towards a rotational stagnation point incorporated via hybrid nanofluids imposing on a radially permeable shrinking/stretching rotating disk. The leading partial differential equations are refined into ordinary differential equations by using appropriate similarity variables. The bvp4c solver in MATLAB is then employed to solve the simplified system numerically. The current numerical procedure is adequate of generating double solutions when excellent initial guesses are implemented. The results show that the features of fluid flow along with heat transfer rate induced by hybrid nanofluid are significantly influenced. The Nusselt number and the tendency of the wall drag force can be improved as the concentration of nanoparticles and the suction factor are increased. Moreover, the results of the model have been discussed in detail for both solution branches due to the cases of rotating disk parameter as well as non-rotating disk parameter. Therefore, an extraordinary behavior is observed for the branch of lower solutions in the case of rotating disk parameter. In addition, the shear stress in the radial direction upsurges for the first solution but declines for the second solution with higher values of suction. Moreover, the rotating parameter slows down the separation of the boundary layer.

Non-local correlation dynamics in two-dimensional graphene.

We explore the non-local correlation dynamics in a Graphene sheet of disordered electrons in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, containing two sublattices, induced by the interaction range of impurity potentials of two Dirac points. The Bell function, uncertainty-induced non-locality, and concurrence are used to investigate the formation and robustness of the non-local correlation between the honeycomb lattice and the Dirac point. The generated lattice-point non-local correlations are explored when the lattice-point system is initially in the uncorrelated state. Due to the lattice-point interaction, the resulting Bell-function non-locality and entanglement concurrence satisfy the hierarchy principle. The generated uncertainty-induced non-locality correlation has a higher degree of stability and robustness than the Bell non-locality and concurrence. We analyze the robustness of the initial maximal non-local correlations under the effects of the band parameter, the intravalley scattering processes, the wave numbers, and the intrinsic decoherence. The formation and stability of lattice-point correlations are highly dependent on the honeycomb lattice and Dirac point characteristics.

Thermal analysis for [Formula: see text]-sodium alginate magnetized Jeffrey's nanofluid flow past a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium.

The magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) viscous Jeffrey heat transport flow past a permeable extending sheet is analyzed. The Alumina ([Formula: see text]) is chosen as nanoparticles immersed in sodium alginate ([Formula: see text]) as the based fluid. The effect of heat generation, Ohmic heating and viscous dissipation are also being investigated adopting Tiwari and Das model. The adequate similarity transformation is used to convert the governing equations to non-linear of higher-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The numerical solution of the transformed ODEs is accomplished using a finite-difference technique. The results are described in graphs according to selected parameters' values provided. The flow velocity reductions when the porosity parameter is augmented. The thermal distribution is affected by the presence of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Deborah number and the volume fraction of nanoparticles affect the skin friction coefficient in opposite ways. A higher volume percentage of nanoparticles and a higher Deborah number are both shown to boost the rate of heat transfer. These findings suggest that the concentration of nanoparticles can be used to manipulate heat transport and nanofluid motions.

Heat flow saturate of Ag/MgO-water hybrid nanofluid in heated trigonal enclosure with rotate cylindrical cavity by using Galerkin finite element.

MHD Natural convection, which is one of the principal types of convective heat transfer in numerous research of heat exchangers and geothermal energy systems, as well as nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids. This work focuses on the investigation of Natural convective heat transfer evaluation inside a porous triangular cavity filled with silver-magnesium oxide/water hybrid nanofluid [H2O/Ag-MgO]hnf under a consistent magnetic field. The laminar and incompressible nanofluid flow is taken to account while Darcy-Forchheimer model takes account of the advection inertia effect in the porous sheet. Controlled equations of the work have been approached nondimensional and resolved by Galerkin finite element technique. The numerical analyses were carried out by varying the Darcy, Hartmann, and Rayleigh numbers, porosity, and characteristics of solid volume fraction and flow fields. Further, the findings are reported in streamlines, isotherms and Nusselt numbers. For this work, the parametric impact may be categorized into two groups. One of them has an effect on the structural factors such as triangular form and scale on the physical characteristics of the important outputs such as fluidity and thermal transfer rates. The significant findings are the parameters like Rayleigh and slightly supported by Hartmann along with Darcy number, minimally assists by solid-particle size and rotating factor as clockwise assists the cooler flow at the center and anticlockwise direction assists the warmer flow. Clear raise in heat transporting rate can be obtained for increasing solid-particle size.

Evaluation of the Effect of Granite Waste Powder by Varying the Molarity of Activator on the Mechanical Properties of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag-Based Geopolymer Concrete.

Industrial waste such as Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Granite Waste Powder (GWP) is available in huge quantities in several states of India. These ingredients have no recognized application and are usually shed in landfills. This process and these materials are sources of severe environmental pollution. This industrial waste has been utilized as a binder for geopolymers, which is our primary focus. This paper presents the investigation of the optimum percentage of granite waste powder as a binder, specifically, the effect of molar and alkaline to binder (A/B) ratio on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC). Additionally, this study involves the use of admixture SP-340 for better performance of workability. Current work focuses on investigating the effect of a change in molarity that results in strength development in geopolymer concrete. The limits for the present work were: GGBS partially replaced by GWP up to 30%; molar ranging from 12 to 18 with the interval of 2 M; and A/B ratio of 0.30. For 16 M of GPC, a maximum slump was observed for GWP with 60 mm compared to other molar concentration. For 16 M of GPC, a maximum compressive strength (CS) was observed for GWP with 20%, of 33.95 MPa. For 16 M of GPC, a maximum STS was observed for GWP, with 20%, of 3.15 MPa. For 16 M of GPC, a maximum FS was observed for GWP, with 20%, of 4.79 MPa. Geopolymer concrete has better strength properties than conventional concrete. GPC is $13.70 costlier than conventional concrete per cubic meter.

Influence of entropy on Brinkman-Forchheimer model of MHD hybrid nanofluid flowing in enclosure containing rotating cylinder and undulating porous stratum.

The current article aims to discuss the natural convection heat transfer of Ag/Al2O3-water hybrid filled in an enclosure subjected to a uniform magnetic field and provided with a rotating cylinder and an inner undulated porous layer. The various thermo-physical parameters are investigated such as Rayleigh number ([Formula: see text]), Hartmann number ([Formula: see text]), and the nanoparticles concentration ([Formula: see text]). Likewise, the rotational speed of the cylinder ([Formula: see text]), as well as several characteristics related to the porous layer, are examined li its porosity ([Formula: see text]), Darcy number ([Formula: see text]) which indicates the porous medium permeability and the number of undulations ([Formula: see text]). The calculations are carried out based on the Galerkin Finite element method (GFEM) to present the streamlines, isotherms, entropy generation, and average Nusselt numbers in details. The main results proved that increment of Rayleigh number and Darcy number enhances heat transfer convection within the enclosure. Whilst, the porosity presents a minimal impact. Also, the rotational speed in a positive direction has a favorable influence on the heat transfer dispersion across the cavity.

Entropic Uncertainty for Two Coupled Dipole Spins Using Quantum Memory under the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction.

In the thermodynamic equilibrium of dipolar-coupled spin systems under the influence of a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (D-M) interaction along the z-axis, the current study explores the quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relation (QMA-EUR), entropy mixedness and the concurrence two-spin entanglement. Quantum entanglement is reduced at increased temperature values, but inflation uncertainty and mixedness are enhanced. The considered quantum effects are stabilized to their stationary values at high temperatures. The two-spin entanglement is entirely repressed if the D-M interaction is disregarded, and the entropic uncertainty and entropy mixedness reach their maximum values for equal coupling rates. Rather than the concurrence, the entropy mixedness can be a proper indicator of the nature of the entropic uncertainty. The effect of model parameters (D-M coupling and dipole-dipole spin) on the quantum dynamic effects in thermal environment temperature is explored. The results reveal that the model parameters cause significant variations in the predicted QMA-EUR.

A brief comparative examination of tangent hyperbolic hybrid nanofluid through a extending surface: numerical Keller-Box scheme.

A novel hybrid nanofluid was explored in order to find an efficient heat-transmitting fluid to replace standard fluids and revolutionary nanofluids. By using tangent hyperbolic hybrid combination nanoliquid with non-Newtonian ethylene glycol (EG) as a basis fluid and a copper (Cu) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) mixture, this work aims to investigate the viscoelastic elements of the thermal transferring process. Flow and thermal facts, such as a slippery extended surface with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), suction/injection, form factor, Joule heating, and thermal radiation effects, including changing thermal conductivity, were also integrated. The Keller-Box method was used to perform collective numerical computations of parametric analysis using governing equivalences. In the form of graphs and tables, the results of TiO2-Cu/EG hybrid nanofluid were compared to those of standard Cu/EG nanofluid in important critical physical circumstances. The entropy generation study was used to examine energy balance and usefulness for important physically impacting parameters. Detailed scrutiny on entropy development get assisted with Weissenberg number, magnetic parameter, fractional volumes, injection parameter, thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity, Biot number, shape variation parameter, Reynolds and Brinkman number. Whereas the entropy gets resisted for slip and suction parameter. In this case, spotted entropy buildup with important parametric ranges could aid future optimization.

MHD darcy-forchheimer nanofluid flow and entropy optimization in an odd-shaped enclosure filled with a (MWCNT-Fe3O4/water) using galerkin finite element analysis.

MHD nanoliquid convective flow in an odd-shaped cavity filled with a multi-walled carbon nanotube-iron (II, III) oxide (MWCNT-Fe3O4) hybrid nanofluid is reported. The side walls are adiabatic, and the internal and external borders of the cavity are isothermally kept at high and low temperatures of Th and Tc, respectively. The governing equations obtained with the Boussinesq approximation are solved using Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM). Impact of Darcy number (Da), Hartmann number (Ha), Rayleigh number (Ra), solid volume fraction (ϕ), and Heated-wall length effect are presented. Outputs are illustrated in forms of streamlines, isotherms, and Nusselt number. The impact of multiple parameters namely Rayleigh number, Darcy number, on entropy generation rate was analyzed and discussed in post-processing under laminar and turbulent flow regimes.

Thermal growth in solar water pump using Prandtl-Eyring hybrid nanofluid: a solar energy application.

Nowadays, with the advantages of nanotechnology and solar radiation, the research of Solar Water Pump (SWP) production has become a trend. In this article, Prandtl-Eyring hybrid nanofluid (P-EHNF) is chosen as a working fluid in the SWP model for the production of SWP in a parabolic trough surface collector (PTSC) is investigated for the case of numerous viscous dissipation, heat radiations, heat source, and the entropy generation analysis. By using a well-established numerical scheme the group of equations in terms of energy and momentum have been handled that is called the Keller-box method. The velocity, temperature, and shear stress are briefly explained and displayed in tables and figures. Nusselt number and surface drag coefficient are also being taken into reflection for illustrating the numerical results. The first finding is the improvement in SWP production is generated by amplification in thermal radiation and thermal conductivity variables. A single nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid is very crucial to provide us the efficient heat energy sources. Further, the thermal efficiency of MoS2-Cu/EO than Cu-EO is between 3.3 and 4.4% The second finding is the addition of entropy is due to the increasing level of radiative flow, nanoparticles size, and Prandtl-Eyring variable.

Analyzing the Effects of Topological Defect (TD) on the Energy Spectra and Thermal Properties of LiH, TiC and I2 Diatomic Molecules.

In this study, the impacts of TD on the energy spectra and thermal properties of LiH, TiC and I2 diatomic molecules is considered. The Schrodinger equation in cosmic string spacetime is solved with the generalized Morse potential using the well-known (NU) method. The energy spectra and eigenfunction are obtained respectively. The energy spectra is used to obtain the partition function which is then used to evaluate the thermal properties of the system is evaluated accordingly. We find that the energy spectra in the presence of the TD differ from their flat Minkowski spacetime analogue. The effects of the deformation parameter and TD on the thermal properties of the system is also analysed in detail. We observe that the specific heat capacity of the system tends to exhibit quasi-saturation as the deformation parameter and topological defect approaches unity. The results of our study can be applied in the astrophysical situation where these modifications exist in the understanding of spectroscopical data and it may be used as a probe of the presence of a cosmic string or a global monopole in the Universe.

A fractional order Covid-19 epidemic model with Mittag-Leffler kernel.

In this article, we are studying fractional-order COVID-19 model for the analytical and computational aspects. The model consists of five compartments including; ` ` S c ″ which denotes susceptible class, ` ` E c ″ represents exposed population, ` ` I c ″ is the class for infected people who have been developed with COVID-19 and can cause spread in the population. The recovered class is denoted by ` ` R c ″ and ` ` V c ″ is the concentration of COVID-19 virus in the area. The computational study shows us that the spread will be continued for long time and the recovery reduces the infection rate. The numerical scheme is based on the Lagrange's interpolation polynomial and the numerical results for the suggested model are similar to the integer order which gives us the applicability of the numerical scheme and effectiveness of the fractional order derivative.